Salamanders

Has a wider head and larger teeth

Eats other salamanders

Has a wider head

Has larger teeth

There are no disadvantages

High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

By sight

By touch

By smell

By taste

It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.

It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.

Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.

Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.

Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet

All ponds

Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet

All mountain meadow ponds

have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.

Insects and Plants

Fish and Frogs

Aquatic crustaceans and insects

Rocks and Sand