Salamanders

Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.

It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.

Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.

It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.

don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.

Insects and Plants

Aquatic crustaceans and insects

Fish and Frogs

Rocks and Sand

By smell

By sight

By taste

By touch

All ponds

Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet

All mountain meadow ponds

Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet

Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

There are no disadvantages

Has larger teeth

Eats other salamanders

Has a wider head and larger teeth

Has a wider head