Salamanders

Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet

All ponds

Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet

All mountain meadow ponds

Aquatic crustaceans and insects

Rocks and Sand

Insects and Plants

Fish and Frogs

By touch

By taste

By smell

By sight

Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.

Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.

It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.

It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.

Has a wider head and larger teeth

Has a wider head

Eats other salamanders

Has larger teeth

Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

There are no disadvantages

High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.