Salamanders

By smell

By sight

By touch

By taste

Aquatic crustaceans and insects

Insects and Plants

Fish and Frogs

Rocks and Sand

All ponds

Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet

All mountain meadow ponds

Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet

There are no disadvantages

High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.

don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

Eats other salamanders

Has a wider head

Has a wider head and larger teeth

Has larger teeth

Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.

Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.

It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.

It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.