Salamanders

It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.

It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.

Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.

Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.

Insects and Plants

Fish and Frogs

Rocks and Sand

Aquatic crustaceans and insects

Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet

Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet

All ponds

All mountain meadow ponds

Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

There are no disadvantages

High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.

have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

By touch

By sight

By taste

By smell

Has larger teeth

Has a wider head and larger teeth

Has a wider head

Eats other salamanders