Salamanders

Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet

Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet

All mountain meadow ponds

All ponds

There are no disadvantages

High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

By touch

By taste

By smell

By sight

Has a wider head

Eats other salamanders

Has larger teeth

Has a wider head and larger teeth

Fish and Frogs

Insects and Plants

Rocks and Sand

Aquatic crustaceans and insects

have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.

don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.

It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.

Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.

It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.