Salamanders

Rocks and Sand

Aquatic crustaceans and insects

Insects and Plants

Fish and Frogs

There are no disadvantages

Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

All ponds

Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet

Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet

All mountain meadow ponds

Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.

It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.

It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.

Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.

By sight

By taste

By smell

By touch

have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

Has a wider head

Eats other salamanders

Has larger teeth

Has a wider head and larger teeth