Salamanders

Insects and Plants

Fish and Frogs

Rocks and Sand

Aquatic crustaceans and insects

By touch

By taste

By sight

By smell

It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.

Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.

It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.

Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.

All ponds

All mountain meadow ponds

Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet

Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet

Has a wider head and larger teeth

Has a wider head

Has larger teeth

Eats other salamanders

There are no disadvantages

Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.

don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.