Salamanders

By taste

By touch

By smell

By sight

Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

There are no disadvantages

Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Has a wider head and larger teeth

Eats other salamanders

Has larger teeth

Has a wider head

don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet

All mountain meadow ponds

All ponds

Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet

Insects and Plants

Aquatic crustaceans and insects

Rocks and Sand

Fish and Frogs

Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.

Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.

It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.

It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.