Salamanders

Insects and Plants

Fish and Frogs

Rocks and Sand

Aquatic crustaceans and insects

All mountain meadow ponds

Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet

All ponds

Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet

Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.

It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.

It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.

Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.

Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

There are no disadvantages

Has larger teeth

Eats other salamanders

Has a wider head

Has a wider head and larger teeth

don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.

have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

By taste

By sight

By smell

By touch