Salamanders

Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

There are no disadvantages

Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet

Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet

All mountain meadow ponds

All ponds

Has larger teeth

Has a wider head

Has a wider head and larger teeth

Eats other salamanders

By smell

By sight

By taste

By touch

Insects and Plants

Aquatic crustaceans and insects

Rocks and Sand

Fish and Frogs

have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.

Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.

It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.

It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.

Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.