Salamanders

Mountain meadow ponds between 5,000 and 9,600 feet

Mountain meadow ponds between 2,600 and 5,000 feet

All ponds

All mountain meadow ponds

By taste

By touch

By sight

By smell

have distinctive physical traits associated with their behavior.

have special teeth associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

don't have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

have distinctive physical traits associated with their cannibalistic behavior.

Fish and Frogs

Insects and Plants

Rocks and Sand

Aquatic crustaceans and insects

Researchers did not study the likelihood of extinction.

It is higher when there are a lot of cannibals.

Cannibals were not an indicator of extinction.

It is lower when there are a lot of cannibals.

There are no disadvantages

Low incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

High incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Medium incidence of disease caused by a bacterial infection

Has a wider head and larger teeth

Has larger teeth

Eats other salamanders

Has a wider head